If it doesn't show anything, then that's the problem. You can see what your X display is by checking the DISPLAY environment variable: echo $DISPLAYĪnd you can check what sudo thinks your DISPLAY is by typing: sudo -s Any program that wants to write to your screen has to know the address. Your next question might be, what is this "X display" that evince can't open? A "display" is the address for your screen. Knowing that should raise many troubleshooting questions in your mind. In particular, searching for No protocol specified or WARNING **: Could not open X display, should show you that the problem is with X (also called The X Windowing System) which is how graphical programs are shown on your screen. To start, look at the first error messages first. That means you're interested in not only what the fix is, but also how to figure it out on your own. Your second question, "How to troubleshoot this problem?" is a very good one. Note that XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is set by pam_systemd(8), so it is not actually related to X (running programs graphically), which is the problem you seem to be having. It tells any program you run where to find a user-specific directory in which it can store small temporary files. To answer your first question, "What is XDG_RUNTIME_DIR?", it is an environment variable that is set automatically when you log in.
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